保险知识:Occupiers’ Liability(场所占用人责任)

RIBO Level 1 — Occupiers’ Liability(场所占用人责任)

这一章非常值得重点学,因为它正好把你刚刚掌握的:

Duty → Breach → Causation → Damage

放到真实的商店、餐厅、住宅、停车场等场景中。


一、先搞懂:Occupier 是谁? ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

很多人第一反应:

Occupier = Property Owner(房主)

不完全对。

在法律上,occupier 更重要的是:

对场所的占有、控制或管理负有足够责任的人。

所以可能包括:

  • Property owner
  • Tenant
  • Store operator
  • Restaurant operator
  • Property manager
  • 其他实际控制场所的人

🔥 RIBO 陷阱

Owner ≠ automatically the only Occupier

例如:

一个商业大楼:

Landlord → Owner
Restaurant company → 实际经营、控制餐厅

Restaurant company 也可能属于:

Occupier


二、Occupier 对谁负有 Duty of Care?

这是本章核心。

Ontario 的 Occupiers’ Liability Act 的核心概念是:

Occupier 对进入场所的人,在合理情况下应采取合理的注意措施,使其合理安全。

换句话说:

Occupier 的基本 Duty:

Reasonable care to see that persons entering the premises are reasonably safe.

注意两个关键词:

Reasonable

不是要求:

100% 安全。

而是:

合理安全。


三、是不是所有进入场所的人都一样?⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

这里开始有陷阱。

进入场所的人可能有不同身份,例如:

① Customer / Visitor

例如:

顾客进入超市买东西。

Occupier 对其承担较高程度的注意义务。


② Social Guest

例如:

朋友来你家吃饭。

通常也受到法律保护。


③ Trespasser

例如:

某人未经允许进入私人区域。

这里情况会不同。

不要简单认为:

Trespasser = Occupier 没有任何责任。

这是考试陷阱。


四、最重要的原则:Reasonable Safety ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Occupier 不需要消除所有危险。

而是需要采取:

Reasonable steps

例如:

超市地面出现水。

合理措施可能包括:

  • 发现后及时清理
  • 放警示牌
  • 隔离危险区域
  • 定期检查
  • 安排员工巡查

五、一个非常典型的 RIBO 案例

假设:

Supermarket floor has spilled water.

我们按照刚才的四步分析。

① Duty

Supermarket:

对顾客有 Duty of Care

② Breach

员工发现水后:

什么都没做

可能:

Breach

③ Causation

Customer:

因为水滑倒

④ Damage

Customer:

手腕骨折

因此:

可能构成 Negligence。


六、但这里有一个非常重要的陷阱 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

假设情况变成:

水刚刚洒出来 5秒钟

员工还没有合理机会发现。

顾客马上滑倒。

那么:

Customer injured ≠ automatically Occupier liable

因为你要问:

Occupier 有没有合理机会发现并处理?

如果:

没有合理机会

那么可能:

No Breach


七、Warning Sign 能不能免责?

例如:

地面有水。

商店放了:

⚠️ CAUTION — WET FLOOR

顾客还是走进去摔倒。

是不是:

商店一定不负责?

不是。

警示牌是一个重要因素,但不是自动免责。

仍然需要考虑:

  • 危险有多严重?
  • 警示是否明显?
  • 是否放在合理位置?
  • Occupier 是否采取了合理措施?
  • 顾客是否能够合理看到?

所以:

Warning sign ≠ Automatic defence


八、Maintenance / Inspection ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

这是考试非常喜欢出的。

例如:

商场有一个规定:

每30分钟检查一次地面。

员工:

每30分钟检查一次。

某顾客在两次检查之间突然滑倒。

这时候不能简单说:

商场没有责任。

要看:

这种检查制度在当时情况下是否合理。


九、Foreseeability 在这里就用上了

例如:

餐厅厨房附近:

经常有油水。

Occupier 应该知道:

slippery floor 是 reasonably foreseeable risk。

因此需要:

更严格的清洁和检查。


🔥 十、最容易考的几个判断

情况是否自动负责?
Customer falls❌ 不一定
Customer injured❌ 不一定
Wet floor❌ 不一定
No warning sign❌ 不一定
Warning sign exists❌ 不代表一定免责
Occupier had no reasonable opportunity to discover hazard可能没有 Breach
Occupier knew of hazard and did nothing⚠️ 很可能存在 Breach
Reasonable inspection system in place可能帮助证明没有 Breach

十一、Occupiers’ Liability 和 CGL 的关系

这个对你以后做保险题非常重要。

假设:

Customer 在餐厅滑倒并骨折。

这是:

Liability exposure

餐厅可能面临:

Occupiers’ Liability / Negligence claim

如果餐厅购买了适当的:

Commercial General Liability (CGL)

那么 CGL 可能涉及这种第三方:

  • Bodily Injury
  • Property Damage

的法律责任。

但注意:

Occupiers’ Liability 是法律责任问题

而:

CGL 是保险保障问题

不要把两者混为一谈。


十二、RIBO 考试最重要的一句话

看到:

Customer slips and falls on commercial premises

不要马上想:

“Insurance pays.”

先想:

Occupier → Duty → Reasonable Care → Breach → Causation → Damage → Liability → Insurance

这是正确的思考顺序。


🎯 现在来一组 RIBO 陷阱题

这次我会故意把选项设计得很像考试。

1.

A customer slips on water in a supermarket and breaks her arm. Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. The supermarket is automatically liable because the customer was injured.
B. The supermarket is liable whenever a customer falls on its premises.
C. The supermarket’s liability depends on whether it failed to take reasonable care to keep the customer reasonably safe.
D. The supermarket is never liable for accidents caused by water.


2. ⭐

A store employee spills water on the floor. The employee immediately places a warning sign and begins cleaning the spill. A customer ignores the sign, walks directly through the wet area and falls.

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. The store is automatically liable because the customer was injured.
B. The warning sign guarantees that the store cannot be liable.
C. The store’s reasonable steps to address the hazard may be relevant in determining whether there was a breach.
D. Customers assume all risks when entering a store.


3. ⭐⭐

A small spill occurs in a supermarket. Thirty seconds later, before any employee could reasonably discover the spill, a customer slips and falls.

Which issue is MOST important in determining whether the supermarket breached its duty?

A. Whether the customer purchased anything.
B. Whether the supermarket had a reasonable opportunity to discover and address the hazard.
C. Whether the customer had health insurance.
D. Whether the customer signed a waiver when entering the store.


4. ⭐⭐⭐

Which person could potentially be considered an occupier?

A. Only the registered owner of the property.
B. Only the person who holds the mortgage.
C. A person or organization with sufficient control or responsibility over the premises.
D. Only a government authority.


5. 🔥

A restaurant knows that grease frequently accumulates near its entrance. Despite several previous incidents, the restaurant does not change its cleaning procedures. A customer slips on grease and suffers a serious injury.

Which combination is MOST relevant?

A. Duty and Breach
B. Breach and Causation
C. Damage and Deductible
D. Both A and B


6. ⭐⭐⭐

A shopping mall has a reasonable inspection system. An employee checks the floor every 15 minutes. A customer slips on a drink that was spilled only one minute earlier.

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. The mall is automatically liable because the customer was injured.
B. The mall may be able to demonstrate that it took reasonable precautions.
C. The mall has no Duty of Care toward customers.
D. The employee is automatically personally liable.


7. ⭐⭐⭐⭐

Which statement about a warning sign is MOST accurate?

A. A warning sign always eliminates an occupier’s liability.
B. A warning sign is irrelevant if someone is injured.
C. A warning sign may be one factor in determining whether the occupier took reasonable care.
D. A warning sign transfers all legal responsibility to the customer.


8. 🔥

A homeowner invites a friend into the home. The homeowner knows that a staircase is dangerously defective but does not warn the guest. The guest uses the staircase normally and is injured.

Which is the BEST analysis?

A. The homeowner has no Duty because the guest entered voluntarily.
B. The homeowner may have a Duty and may have breached it by failing to take reasonable precautions.
C. The guest automatically assumes all risks.
D. The homeowner is liable only if the guest paid to enter the home.


逐题确认

你的答案正确核心考点
1C受伤 ≠ Occupier 自动负责
2CWarning sign 是判断合理注意的一个因素
3B关键看有没有合理机会发现危险
4COccupier ≠ 只有 Property Owner
5D同时涉及 Duty/Breach 和 Breach/Causation
6B合理检查制度可能证明没有 Breach
7CWarning sign ≠ 自动免责
8BGuest 进入房屋 ≠ 自动承担所有风险

🔥 你现在已经掌握了第一层

可以把 Occupiers’ Liability 压缩成一句:

Occupier 不保证“绝对安全”,而是必须采取合理措施,让进入场所的人处于合理安全状态。

所以看到题目:

Customer slips and falls

你的第一反应应该是:

不要马上赔!

而是:

Duty? → Breach? → Causation? → Damage?


现在进入第二层:Trespasser & Visitor

这里开始真正有RIBO陷阱味道了。

① Visitor / Customer

比如:

顾客进入超市购物。

这是正常、获准进入。

Occupier 通常需要考虑:

Reasonable safety


② Trespasser

比如:

一个陌生人晚上翻过围墙,未经允许进入私人土地。

这时候很多人会直接想:

“Trespasser = Occupier 没有任何责任。”

❌ 不要这样记!

更准确的思路是:

Trespasser 的身份会影响 Occupier 所承担的法律义务,但并不意味着 Occupier 对 Trespasser 永远没有任何责任。

考试如果出现:

“The person was a trespasser, therefore the occupier has no liability.”

看到 therefore / automatically / never / always 这种绝对词,要特别警惕。


③ Contributory Negligence ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

这个是你下一步必须掌握的。

假设:

Supermarket 有过失。

但是:

Customer 自己也没有注意脚下。

那么可能出现:

Contributory Negligence

也就是:

受伤的人自己也对损失负有一部分责任。


举例

损失:

$100,000

法院认为:

Supermarket 70%
Customer 30%

那么客户最终可能只能获得:

$70,000


⚠️ 非常重要

Contributory Negligence ≠ No Duty

客户自己有过失:

不代表 Occupier 原来的 Duty 消失。

而是:

双方可能都有责任。


④ Waiver / Assumption of Risk

还有一个容易混淆的概念:

“我自己同意承担风险。”

例如:

某些活动让参与者明确知道存在某些风险。

但注意:

签了 waiver ≠ Occupier 自动免责

考试里:

“The customer signed a waiver, so the business can never be liable.”

这种说法通常太绝对。

你仍然需要看:

  • waiver 的具体内容
  • 风险是什么
  • 法律是否允许排除该责任
  • Occupier 是否仍违反适用的法律义务

🧠 这一阶段记住 4 个关键词

概念核心意思
Visitor正常/获准进入
Trespasser未经许可进入
Contributory Negligence受害者自己也有过失
Waiver事先同意承担某些风险

🎯 下一组我建议直接做“陷阱题”

这次我会把 Trespasser + Contributory Negligence + Waiver + Occupier Duty 混在一起。

这样才真正接近 RIBO 考试的思路。

专门讲 Ontario 的 Trespasser 到底在什么情况下 Occupier 才可能承担责任

可以。这个地方我帮你纠正并精确化一下前面的说法:在 Ontario,不能简单说“只要是 Trespasser,Occupier 仍然有普通的 Duty of Care”。对于《Occupiers’ Liability Act》第4条覆盖的情况,规则实际上非常特殊,而且对 Trespasser 很有利于 Occupier。

我查了 Ontario 官方现行法规,下面按照 RIBO 考试角度给你讲。

1. 先记最重要的结论

Ontario 的基本规则是:

普通进入者

《Occupiers’ Liability Act》s.3:

Occupier 必须采取在具体情况下合理的注意措施,使进入场所的人及其携带的财物处于合理安全状态。

也就是我们刚学的:

Duty → Breach → Causation → Damage


但是,某些 Trespasser / 特定进入者

进入《OLA s.4》规定的情形后:

视为 willingly assumed all risks(自愿承担所有风险)

这时候,s.3 的普通 Duty of Care 不适用这些被自愿承担的风险。Occupier 剩下的核心义务是:

  1. 不能故意制造危险来伤害对方
  2. 不能对对方的存在采取 reckless disregard(鲁莽漠视)

这是考试最重要的区别。


2. Trespasser 什么时候进入这个特殊规则?

这里是重点。

Ontario OLA s.4(3) 对某些特定场所规定:

如果进入者未经许可进入,并且场所属于 s.4(4) 列出的类型,就会被视为:

willingly assumed all risks

这些场所包括:

  • 农业用地
  • vacant / undeveloped land
  • forested / wilderness premises
  • 未开放营业的 golf course
  • utility rights-of-way / corridors
  • unopened road allowances
  • 合理标示为 private road 的私人道路
  • 合理标示的 recreational trails
  • portage routes

这是 Ontario 法律明确规定的。


3. 举个非常典型的例子

情况 A:普通超市

John 未经允许进入一个正常营业的超市后方区域。

他在那里受伤。

不能简单套用:

“Trespasser → willingly assumed all risks。”

因为你首先要看:

这个场所是不是 s.4(4) 所列的特定 premises?

普通商业超市并不属于这个特殊清单。

因此不能仅仅因为他是 Trespasser,就自动把所有风险都推给他。


4. 情况 B:森林 / 农场

假设:

一个私人森林

明确禁止进入

John 仍然进入

在树林里被一个自然地形危险绊倒

如果符合 s.4(3) 和 s.4(4) 的条件:

John 会被视为:

willingly assumed all risks

因此 Occupier 不再承担普通 s.3 的 Duty of Care 来保证他“reasonably safe”。


5. 但是!这里就是最重要的陷阱 🔥

即使 John 是这种情况下的 Trespasser:

Occupier 也不是可以“随便伤害他”。

s.4(1) 仍然保留两项义务:

① No deliberate harm

不能:

故意制造危险来伤害 Trespasser

例如:

明知道有人晚上会翻墙进来,故意在入口设置一个致命陷阱。

❌ 不能说:

“他是 Trespasser,所以我什么都能做。”


② No reckless disregard

不能:

明知对方在那里,却对他的存在采取 reckless disregard。

也就是说:

不能故意/鲁莽地无视他的存在而让他遭受危险。

这正是 Ontario 法律对 Occupier 留下的最低限度保护。


6. RIBO 最值得背的一张表

情况Occupier 的基本规则
普通 Customer / VisitorReasonable Care
普通进入者受到危险s.3 Duty
某些 Trespasser + s.4 特定 premisesWillingly assumed all risks
Criminal activityWillingly assumed all risks
Recreational activity + 符合 s.4 条件Willingly assumed all risks
Occupier 故意制造危险伤害对方❌ 不能
Occupier 对对方存在采取 reckless disregard❌ 不能

7. 特别注意:Trespasser ≠ Automatically s.4

这是你考试一定要注意的。

不要看到:

Trespasser

就马上选:

“Willingly assumed all risks.”

你还必须看:

Where did the trespass happen?

如果是:

农田 / 森林 / wilderness / 某些 recreational trails 等

才可能进入 s.4(3) 的特殊规则。


8. Criminal Trespass 又有一点不同

如果这个人进入场所的目的本身就是:

committing a criminal act

s.4(2)规定,他会被视为:

willingly assumed all risks

而 Occupier 同样只剩下 s.4(1) 的最低义务:

No deliberate harm + No reckless disregard

所以考试如果写:

“A person enters the premises intending to commit a criminal act.”

看到这个条件,就要马上想到:

s.4(2) → willingly assumed all risks


🧠 最终口诀

你可以把 Ontario Trespasser 记成:

Trespasser ≠ Automatically No Liability

但是:

s.4 applies → Assumed All Risks

然后再问:

Did the Occupier deliberately create danger?

或者:

Did the Occupier act with reckless disregard?

如果答案是 Yes

👉 Occupier 仍可能承担责任


🎯 给你一道真正的 RIBO 陷阱题

A person enters a privately owned forested property without permission. While trespassing, the person is injured by a natural hazard on the property. The occupier did not know the person was there and did not deliberately create the hazard.

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. The occupier automatically owes the same reasonable-care duty as to a customer.

B. The trespasser is deemed to have willingly assumed the risks, subject to the limited duty not to deliberately create harm or act with reckless disregard.

C. The occupier is automatically liable because every person entering property is owed a full duty of care.

D. The occupier has absolutely no duty under any circumstances.

这道题的关键就是 “forested property + without permission + natural hazard + no knowledge + no deliberate harm”

你选一个答案,我再给你解释为什么其他三个都是 RIBO 的陷阱。

**Contributory Negligence(共同过失)**会直接连接我们刚学的:

Occupiers’ Liability → Negligence → Liability → Compensation

而且 RIBO 很喜欢把它设计成“双方都有错,到底谁赔多少?”的题。


一、什么是 Contributory Negligence?

最简单的定义:

受害者自己也没有采取合理注意,因此对自己的损失负有一部分责任。

重点:

不是说 Occupier 没责任。

而是:

Occupier 有责任 + Injured person 也有责任。


二、最简单的例子

假设:

超市地上有水

超市没有及时清理

Customer 滑倒

Customer 受伤

先假设:

Supermarket 100% responsible

但是现在增加一个事实:

Customer 一边低头看手机,一边走路,完全没有注意明显的积水。

那么可能变成:

Supermarket = 70%
Customer = 30%

如果总损失:

$100,000

那么最终赔偿可能是:

$100,000 × 70% = $70,000


三、最重要:Contributory Negligence 不会消灭对方的 Negligence

这是考试陷阱。

假设:

Store clearly breached its Duty.

Customer 同时也有过失。

不能说:

“Customer 有过失,所以 Store 没有 Negligence。”

❌ 错。

正确是:

Both parties may have contributed to the loss.


四、怎么判断受害者有没有 Contributory Negligence?

考试时问:

Did the injured person fail to take reasonable care for their own safety?

也就是:

一个合理的人,在这种情况下会不会更加小心?

例如:

情况 A

地面明显有水:

Customer 正常走路
没看到水

不一定有 contributory negligence。


情况 B

地面有明显的:

⚠️ WET FLOOR

Customer 看到了警示牌:

仍然故意快速跑过去。

这时候:

Contributory Negligence

的可能性明显增加。


五、Contributory Negligence 和 Breach 不要混

这个非常重要。

Occupier 的 Breach

问:

Occupier 做错了什么?

例如:

没清理水。


Customer 的 Contributory Negligence

问:

Customer 自己做错了什么?

例如:

明明看到危险,却故意忽略。


所以一个案例可以同时存在:

Occupier Breach + Customer Contributory Negligence


六、考试经常给你这样的案例

Restaurant floor is wet.

Restaurant:

没有清理。

Customer:

看到了水,但继续走。

结果:

Customer slips and suffers injury.

这时候不要选择:

“Restaurant has no liability because customer saw the water.”

正确思路:

Restaurant

Duty → Breach

Customer

Contributory Negligence

最终:

双方可能都有责任。


七、赔偿怎么计算?⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

在 Ontario 的 negligence 案件中,Negligence Act 对共同过失有非常重要的规定。

如果法院认定:

Plaintiff = 30% responsible
Defendant = 70% responsible

那么 Plaintiff 的损失会按照责任比例减少。

例如:

Loss:

$200,000

Plaintiff:

25%

Defendant:

75%

那么:

$200,000 × 75% = $150,000

所以记住:

Contributory Negligence → 可以减少 Plaintiff 的赔偿。


八、⚠️ 不要把它理解成“双方一定50/50”

这是非常常见的错误。

如果:

Plaintiff 20%
Defendant 80%

就是:

Plaintiff receives 80% of the assessed loss.

如果:

Plaintiff 40%
Defendant 60%

就是:

Plaintiff receives 60%.

不是自动一人一半。


九、另一个非常重要的区别

Contributory Negligence ≠ Assumption of Risk

这两个很容易混。

Contributory Negligence

你没有合理注意,导致自己的损失增加。

例如:

Customer 看见湿地板却不小心走进去。


Assumption of Risk

更接近:

你明知某种风险,并自愿接受这个风险。

尤其是我们刚刚学的 Ontario OLA s.4:

某些情况下 Trespasser 被法律视为:

willingly assumed all risks

这和普通的 contributory negligence 不是同一个概念。


十、Contributory Negligence vs Trespasser

这两个也不要混。

Trespasser:

重点是:你有没有许可进入?

Contributory Negligence:

重点是:你自己有没有合理注意自己的安全?

一个人甚至可以同时是:

Trespasser + Contributory Negligence

例如:

某人未经允许进入私人森林

明知道有危险区域

仍然故意进入危险区域

发生事故

这里可能同时涉及多个法律概念。


🧠 一张表彻底分清

概念问什么?
Duty对方有没有注意义务?
Breach对方有没有违反合理注意标准?
Causation这个行为是不是造成损失?
Damage实际损失是什么?
Contributory Negligence受害者自己有没有过失?
Assumption of Risk是否明知并自愿承担风险?
Trespasser是否未经许可进入?

🔥 RIBO 高频陷阱

看到:

“The injured person was partly responsible.”

不要选:

“Therefore the defendant has no liability.”

应该想到:

Contributory Negligence → apportionment of responsibility


🎯 现在来做 8 道题

1.

A supermarket fails to clean up a spill. A customer slips and is injured. The customer was looking at her phone and failed to notice a clearly visible warning sign.

Which concept may apply to the customer’s conduct?

A. Subrogation
B. Contribution
C. Contributory Negligence
D. Insurable Interest


2.

A customer is found to be 25% responsible for her own injury, while the supermarket is 75% responsible. The customer’s assessed loss is $100,000.

Ignoring other issues, approximately how much would the customer recover?

A. $25,000
B. $50,000
C. $75,000
D. $100,000


3. ⭐

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. Contributory negligence means the defendant has no liability.
B. Contributory negligence may reduce the plaintiff’s recovery.
C. Contributory negligence means the plaintiff committed a criminal offence.
D. Contributory negligence automatically makes both parties 50% responsible.


4.

A restaurant fails to clean a dangerous spill. A customer sees the spill but deliberately walks through it while running.

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. Only the restaurant can be negligent.
B. Only the customer can be negligent.
C. The restaurant may have breached its duty, while the customer’s conduct may constitute contributory negligence.
D. Neither party can be negligent.


5. ⭐⭐

Which question is MOST relevant when determining whether a plaintiff was contributorily negligent?

A. Did the plaintiff have insurance?
B. Did the plaintiff take reasonable care for their own safety?
C. Did the plaintiff own the property?
D. Did the defendant have a deductible?


6. 🔥

A store has a wet-floor sign clearly visible. The customer sees the sign but decides to ignore it. The store had recently cleaned the area and was taking reasonable steps to deal with the hazard.

The customer falls and is injured.

Which is the BEST analysis?

A. The store is automatically 100% liable because the customer was injured.
B. The customer is automatically 100% liable because there was a warning sign.
C. The customer’s conduct may support contributory negligence, and the store’s reasonable precautions may also be relevant to whether there was a breach.
D. There can be no liability because a warning sign always eliminates liability.


7. ⭐⭐⭐

Which statement BEST distinguishes contributory negligence from assumption of risk?

A. They are exactly the same legal concept.
B. Contributory negligence concerns the plaintiff’s failure to take reasonable care; assumption of risk involves knowingly and voluntarily accepting a risk.
C. Assumption of risk applies only to property damage.
D. Contributory negligence applies only to criminal cases.


8. 🔥🔥

A supermarket’s negligence causes $200,000 in losses. The injured customer is found to be 30% responsible for the loss.

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. The supermarket owes nothing because the customer was partly responsible.
B. The customer automatically receives $200,000.
C. The customer’s recovery may be reduced according to the customer’s share of responsibility.
D. The supermarket and customer must each pay exactly $100,000.

你直接回答:

1 C 2 C  3 B  4 C 5 B 6 C 7B 8C

这组做完,我们就把 Negligence + Occupiers’ Liability + Trespasser + Contributory Negligence 串成一个完整的 RIBO Liability 框架。

题目你的答案正确核心
1CContributory Negligence
2C$100,000 × 75% = $75,000
3B共同过失可以减少赔偿
4C双方都可能有过失
5B是否采取合理注意
6CWarning + reasonable precautions + plaintiff conduct
7BContributory Negligence ≠ Assumption of Risk
8CPlaintiff 责任比例会影响最终 recovery

🔥 现在把这一整章串起来

你目前已经学会了:

① Negligence

Duty → Breach → Causation → Damage

② Occupiers’ Liability

Occupier 对进入场所的人承担适用法律规定的注意义务。

③ Trespasser

在 Ontario 特定情况下:

s.4 → willingly assumed all risks

但仍不能:

Deliberately cause harm / Reckless disregard

④ Contributory Negligence

受害者自己也没有合理注意:

可能减少最终赔偿


🧠 考试遇到 Liability 案例,就按这个顺序扫描

例如:

Customer slips in a restaurant.

你的脑子应该自动运行:

① Duty?

Restaurant 对 Customer 有没有 Duty?

② Breach?

Restaurant 有没有低于合理注意标准?

③ Causation?

这个 Breach 是不是导致 Customer 摔倒?

④ Damage?

Customer 有没有实际受伤/财产损失?

⑤ Plaintiff’s conduct?

Customer 自己有没有 Contributory Negligence?

⑥ 如果是 Trespasser?

检查 Ontario OLA 的特殊规则。

⑦ 最终 Liability / Compensation

这就是一套完整的分析框架。

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